Promising Detoxification Approaches to Mitigate Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds

Aflatoxins are a group of naturally occurring carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by certain Aspergillus species in nuts, grains, oilseeds and vegetables. Ingestion of aflatoxin contaminated food and feed has extremely negative health implications in humans and livestocks. Additionally, exporting countries face the trade barrier due to strict regulations in international market to maintain food quality. This led to huge economic losses to global exporters. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of effective methods for detoxification of aflatoxins from food and feed to ensure food security. Till date, numerous methods for detoxification of aflatoxins from foods have been employed. Physical, chemical and biological treatment are the novel promising approaches for partial/complete detoxification of aflatoxins from the foodstuffs. In this chapter, we will address the efficacy and shortcomings of each methods in with respect to economic importance, human health and food security

E-Recruiting : Anforderungen und Präferenzen von HR-Professionals

Karnal bunt disease in wheat is caused by hemibiotrophic fungus, Tilletia indica that has been placed as quarantine pest in more than 70 countries. Despite its economic importance, little knowledge about the molecular components of fungal pathogenesis is known. In this study, first time the genome sequence of T. indica has been deciphered for unraveling the effectors' functions of molecular pathogenesis of Karnal bunt disease. The T. indica genome was sequenced employing hybrid approach of PacBio Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) and Illumina HiSEQ 2000 sequencing platforms. The genome was assembled into 10,957 contigs (N50 contig length 3 kb) with total size of 26.7 Mb and GC content of 53.99%. The number of predicted putative genes were 11,535, which were annotated with Gene Ontology databases. Functional annotation of Karnal bunt pathogen genome and classification of identified effectors into protein families revealed interesting functions related to pathogenesis. Search for effectors' genes using pathogen host interaction database identified 135 genes. The T. indica genome sequence and putative genes involved in molecular pathogenesis would further help in devising novel and effective disease management strategies including development of resistant wheat genotypes, novel biomarkers for pathogen detection and new targets for fungicide development

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Not AvailableFusarium oxysporum f.sp. ricini (FOR), the causal agent of castor wilt, is the major pathogen of castor. However, there is meagre information regarding FOR pathogenesis and virulence. Development of effective disease management strategies requires a deep understanding of the pathogenicity and virulence factors deployed by the pathogen to infect its host. We have compared the mycelial proteomes of FOR isolates showing differential virulence, to identify potential pathogenicity and virulence factors. Differentially accumulated/upregulated protein spots in the virulent isolate were further identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. The identified proteins showed homology with the fungal proteins that play crucial roles in pathogen penetration, colonization, invasion, degradation of plant cutin, detoxification of host-generated ROS, activation of signal transduction pathways, stress response, post-translational modification and toxin production. Our study suggested that the identified proteins might contribute to the high degree of virulence of the virulent FOR isolates.Not Availabl

Automated parking system with automatic number plate recognition

With the growth of population in urban cities, there is a rapid increase in the number of vehicles and hence there is shortage of parking spaces. In this paper we provide a novel idea of automatic number plate detection and recognition along with allotment of parking space. The parking space is allocated in an efficient manner as distance traveled will be less.  The number plate detection is done by extracting the image from the video and the number is identified using Optical Character Recognition. The parking space algorithm uses sequential assignment of parking spaces; the algorithm is eventually improved to solve the real time parking allotment

Assignment of Gene ontology (GO) term for predicted genes of <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i> genome into three categories: cellular component, molecular function and biological process.

<p>Assignment of Gene ontology (GO) term for predicted genes of <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i> genome into three categories: cellular component, molecular function and biological process.</p

General features of the assembly statistics of hybrid assembly of draft <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i> genome.

<p>General features of the assembly statistics of hybrid assembly of draft <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i> genome.</p

Comparison of the Assembly statistics of PacBio SMRT and Illumina HiSeq 2000 Sequencing of the draft genome of <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i>.

<p>Comparison of the Assembly statistics of PacBio SMRT and Illumina HiSeq 2000 Sequencing of the draft genome of <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i>.</p

Synteny analysis of <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i> genome with other smut fungi, <i>U</i>. <i>maydis</i>, <i>U</i>. <i>hordei</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>reilianum</i>.

<p>Synteny analysis of <i>T</i>. <i>indica</i> genome with other smut fungi, <i>U</i>. <i>maydis</i>, <i>U</i>. <i>hordei</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>reilianum</i>.</p